Tested in Ubuntu 14.04.4 LTS Docker version 1.10.2, build c3959b1

https://hub.docker.com/r/gitlab/gitlab-ce/

get the image of gitlab

docker pull gitlab/gitlab-ce

run the image

sudo docker run --detach \
    --hostname gitlab.example.com \
    --publish 443:443 --publish 80:80 --publish 22:22 \
    --name gitlab \
    --restart always \
    --volume /srv/gitlab/config:/etc/gitlab \
    --volume /srv/gitlab/logs:/var/log/gitlab \
    --volume /srv/gitlab/data:/var/opt/gitlab \
    gitlab/gitlab-ce:latest

error 500

If you experience 500 issues that huygens describes when upgrading to 8.6.x you can fix using the following steps:
Start your container as normal, then execute the following steps:

docker exec -it gitlab /bin/bash
sudo su - gitlab-psql
export PGHOST="/var/opt/gitlab/postgresql"
psql gitlabhq_production
CREATE EXTENSION pg_trgm;
\q + Enter to exit psql
exit back to root user
gitlab-rake db:migrate
gitlab-ctl reconfigure

Ref: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab/issues/1185#note_4424525

set sendEmail

vim /etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb

gitlab_rails['gitlab_email_from'] = 'yourname@qq.com'
gitlab_rails['smtp_enable'] = true
gitlab_rails['smtp_address'] = "smtp.qq.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_port'] = 25
gitlab_rails['smtp_user_name'] = "yourname@qq.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_password'] = "yourpassword"
gitlab_rails['smtp_domain'] = "smtp.qq.com"
gitlab_rails['smtp_authentication'] = "login"
gitlab_rails['smtp_enable_starttls_auto'] = true
gitlab_rails['smtp_tls'] = false
gitlab_rails['smtp_openssl_verify_mode'] = 'peer' # Can be: 'none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert', see http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html
#gitlab_rails['smtp_ca_path'] = "/etc/ssl/certs"
#gitlab_rails['smtp_ca_file'] = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"

ensure gitlab_rails['gitlab_email_from'] is equal to gitlab_rails['smtp_user_name']